First, only diagnosed cases are reported, leading to possible under-reporting or over-reporting.
The NNDSS provides important insight into case burdens however, there are several pitfalls. Several TBDs (Lyme disease, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, tularemia, and rocky mountain spotted fever) are reportable to the CDC. Historically, TBD surveillance has been conducted at the county, state, or national scale through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), which requires providers and public health agencies to report cases of specific diseases to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The rise in TBD has been attributed to several factors, including changes in climate and land-use patterns that influence vector distribution and densities. Tick-borne disease (TBD) diagnoses have steadily risen over the last 20 years across the US, emphasizing the increasing importance of such zoonotic diseases. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Tinna Traustadottir ).įunding: Our research was supported by a grant to NC Nieto from the Bay Area Lyme Foundation ( ). Sensitive data can be requested from the Northern Arizona IRB committee (contact IRB Chair: Dr. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Due to the nature of citizen science collections, some of our collected locations (GPS points) could allow identification of individual or group citizens. Received: JAccepted: DecemPublished: January 5, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Porter et al. Mark Wooten, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, UNITED STATES (2021) Predicting the current and future distribution of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus, across the Western US using citizen science collections. With the potential for rapid environmental changes instigated by a burgeoning human population and rapid climate change, the development of tools, concepts, and methodologies that provide rapid, current, and accurate assessment of important ecological qualities will be invaluable for monitoring and predicting disease across time and space.Ĭitation: Porter WT, Barrand ZA, Wachara J, DaVall K, Mihaljevic JR, Pearson T, et al. pacificus distribution in Oregon and Washington. Additionally, citizen science allows for an expanded understanding of I. Despite obvious limitations with citizen science collections, the models are consistent with previously-predicted species ranges in California that utilized more than thirty years of traditional surveillance data. Here, we present niche models produced through citizen science tick collections over two years. We used Ma圎nt species distribution models to predict the current and future distribution of Ixodes pacificus across the Western US through the use of a nationwide citizen science tick collection program. These citizen-driven tick collections have the potential to provide a powerful tool for tracking vector and pathogen changes.
Engaging public participation in surveillance efforts allows spatially and temporally diverse samples to be collected with minimal effort. As a result, data are often sparse and aggregated across time and space to increase statistical power to model or identify range changes. Active surveillance monitors ticks and sylvatic pathogens at local scales, but it is resource-intensive. Case reports provide the basis for estimating the number of cases however, they provide minimal information on vector population or pathogen dynamics. Typically, tick-borne disease surveillance (e.g., Lyme disease) is passive and relies on case reports, while disease risk is calculated using active surveillance, where researchers collect ticks from the environment. With this spread, it has become vital to monitor vector and disease distributions, as these shifts have public health implications. In the twenty-first century, ticks and tick-borne diseases have expanded their ranges and impact across the US.
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